Conflict transformation can then, in principle, happen at all levels of conflict, global, social, and interintrapersonal macro, meso, micro. Johan galtung international peace research institute, oslo 1. Thomas kilmann conflict mode instrument the thomas kilmann conflicht mode instrument is based on a fivecategory scheme for classifying interpersonal conflict handling. Conflict escalation oxford research encyclopedia of. The abc triangle is a simple framework for exploring the impact and causes of conflict. The context is the environment in which these behavior statements and attitudes exist in. This discussion examines the work of galtung on the idea of cultural violence and how this has influenced our understanding of conflicts. Oct 21, 2015 johan galtungs conflict transformation theory for peaceful world. He also established the journal of peace research in 1964. Foucault and galtung on structural violence irenees. Perceiving theory and a triangle that i plan to use in my. Teori galtung segitiga konflik galtung konflik biasanya mudah dilihat di permukaan saja, seperti jumlah korban yang ditimbulkan atau cara kedua belah pihak berkonfrontasi secara langsung.
In this paper, i will try to analyze the general causes of the conflict within the framework of johan galtungs conflict triangle. Understanding concepts of peace and conflict johan galtung, one of the founders in the field of peace and conflict studies, proposed interrelated models of conflict, violence, and peace. This abc attitudebehaviourcontext conflict triangle was first developed by prof. The peoples war and johan galtungs conflict models ionu. Johan galtungs conflict transformation theory paperblog. Remember that conflict work is the art of the impossible, requiring optimism, idealism of the heart and realism of the brain. Galtung first introduced the conflict theory triangle in his article violence, peace, and peace research. This article is a short version of a text which was first published with the title nonviolent conflict escalation in conflict resolution quarterly, 2016. May 06, 2018 a short overview of galtung s conflict triangle. Few words are so often used and abused perhaps, it seems, because peace serves as a means of obtainingverbal consensusit is hard to be allout against peace. A thorough analysis of galtungs violence triangle is in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of galtungs theory of structural violence.
B visible this abc attitudebehaviourcontext conflict triangle was first developed by prof. Direct violence, physical andor verbal, is visible as behaviour in the triangle. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short asymmetry and symmetry analysis, i will examine the nagorno karabakh conflict using. He has had an international academic career spanning 70 years, five continents, a dozen major positions and over 30 visiting professorships, 160 books and more than 1,600 published monographs and articles. The conflict triangle the conflict triangle highlights all the aspects playing a role in a conflict situation. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short asymmetry and symmetry analysis,i will examine the nagorno. Game theory of conflict by thomas c schelling the game theory of conflict.
What we here all together direct, cultural and structural. After giving a brief description of the galtung conflict triangle and short asymmetry and symmetry analysis,i will examine the nagorno karabakh conflict using the models three axes structural, cultural social constructs and direct violencebehavioral. In this longer article you can find references to all our sources. Conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend. With the french thinker michel foucaults conception of power and domination, a reinterpretation of galtungs famous concepts of structural violence and positive and negative peace is called for. A case study of gilgitbaltistan phd thesis submitted by ehsan mehmood khan, phd scholar regn. The developed framework combines galtungs three theories of conflict, namely the abc triangle of conflict, triangle of violence and triangle of peace strategy galtung, 1967, 1996. Introduction in the present paper we shall be using the word peace very many times. Galtungs core concept of structural violence as well. Johan vincent galtung born 24 october 1930 is a norwegian sociologist, and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies he was the main. Abctriangle of conflict andor peaceful conflict transformation, adapted from galtung 1 a cyclic, six directional view of galtung. Understanding violence triangle and structural violence. Johan vincent galtung born 24 october 1930 is a norwegian sociologist, mathematician, and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies. The english connotation of the term peace is cessation of war, a state of quietness.
Conflict transformation by peaceful means the transcend method. Pdf conflict resolution johan galtungs model for peace. Stalenoi national university of political and administrative sciences, bucharest tel. According to galtungs violence triangle 1969, cultural and structural violence cause direct violence. Discuss johan galtungs concept of cultural violence and consider critically its.
Peace transformation also presupposes a peaceful context as provided by peace educationjournalism, the continuation of the work after violence, and readiness to reopen peace agreements. Johan galtung on solutions in conflict transformation. The principal founder of the peace and conflict studies johan galtung was born in oslo on october 24, 1930 at a medical doctors family. Unit 2, understanding conflict, offers definitions of conflict, describes conflict stages, introduces conflict analysis, and challenges the participant to apply basic conflict analysis tools. An examination of either cultural violence, structural violence or direct violence separately as singular approaches sets themselves up from the beginning to be easily criticized due to the. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, uaing a divaion of culture into rcliplon and ideology, art and language, and empirical and formal science. Anything galtung forum understanding galtungs violence. The abc triangle competendo tools for facilitators. Here i will summarize the three main types of violence. I would add to galtungs triangle by addressing that these attitudes, behaviors, and contexts shift.
Since its creation, the united nations has played a vital role in helping to reduce the level of conflict in various regions of the world by mediating peace agreements and assisting in their implementation. Johan galtung and provides an excellent basic concept for the analysis of. Typologies of violence and peace religious literacy project. Against the background of the ideal of parsimonious theory construction on the one hand waltz, 1979, pp. Direct violence reinforces structural and cultural violence. Galtungs conflict triangle johan galtung we understand that violence is any physical, emotional, verbal, institutional, structural or spiritual behaviour, attitude, policy or condition that diminishes, dominates or destroys others and ourselves. Johan galtung a principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies duration. The first triangle follows the attitudes, contradictions and the conflict. Galtung and the conflict triangle chapman peace studies.
Johan galtung and provides an excellent basic concept for the analysis of even very complex conflict situations. Ndupcsphdf017 supervisor dr muhammad khan this dissertation is submitted to national defence university, islamabad in fulfilment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in peace and conflict studies. Pdf the galtung triangle and nagornokarabakh conflict taleh. The relations between direct, structural and cultural violence are explored, using a violence triangle and a violence strata image, with various types of casual flows. Criticism edit johan galtung s conflict triangle and peace research paper are widely cited as the foundational pieces of theory 12 within peace and conflict studies. The unit sections explore key concepts including the distinctions between conflict. Examples of cultural violence are indicated, using a division of culture into religion and ideology, art and language, and empirical and formal science. And that leads to a major approach to negative peace. Johan galtung has shown that there are several different ways of classifying the phenomenon of violence. Galtungs theory of structural violence sociology essay. You should complete one triangle for each of the major groups involved in the conflict.
He was the main founder of the peace research institute oslo prio in 1959 and served as its first director until 1970. In a conflict, the violent behavior we see has its roots in peoples attitudes and the politicaleconomic context. In a conflict, the violent behaviour we see has its roots in peoples attitudes and the politicaleconomic context. Pdf empathy and peace in the quranic context based on. Theories of conflict by johan galtung, columbia university, 1958. They can be pictured as three vertices of a triangle. Pdf conflict resolution johan galtungs model for peace by. In line with this, galtungs conflict triangle works on the assumption that the best way to provide peace is to understand violence, its antithesis and how to address it.
This context could be political, cultural, economical, historical, etc. Galtungs conflict triangle illustrates that people engage in conflict out of a desire to achieve a particular goal sometime in the future. Stalenoi, in their article the peoples warand johan galtungs conflict models, applies this theory to the civil war in nepal, which they identify as an asymmetric conflict. Stalenoi the peoples war and johan galtungs conflict models. Conflict is viewed as a dynamic process in which structure, attitudes, and. Confortini my paper argues for an incorporation of feminist theories into peace theories, by analyzing what is missing by not confronting feminist contributions to a theory on violence. Direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence and peace often referred to as the father of peace studies, norwegian theorist johan galtung has developed a three pronged typology of violence that represents how a confluence of malleable factors merge in particular culturalhistorical moments to shape the conditions for the promotion of violence and, by inference.
The relations betmeen direct, structural and cultural violence arc explored, using a violence triangle and a violence strata image, with varlous types of casual rows. The socalled abc triangle in conflict theory galtung 1967, 1996 is used to. Direct violence, corresponding to the tip of the iceberg, has as its main characteristic the fact that most of its effects are visible. Cultural violence johan galtung journal of peace research. Beyond galtungs initial paper and thesis, scholars have applied the conflict triangle to a broad array of conflicts, struggles and occupations since 1969, and retroactively. I take johan galtungs theory of violence as a point of departure, as a theory that is widely uncontested in peace studies. One approach to negative peace studies opens for peace and conflict studies, seeing violencewar as the smoke signals from the underlying fire of a conflict. Someone congratulated his parents saying, today a new doctor is born. Galtung s conflict triangle a short overview of galtung s conflict triangle. The triangle of violence, defined by the norwegian sociologist johan galtung, identifies three types of violence and argues that the phenomenon has a similar structure to that of an iceberg, in which there is always a small visible part and a huge hidden part.